Kukho iintsuku xa uphuma kunye ne-tidbit entsha phantsi kwengalo yakho kwaye ucinge: yonke imihla izisa incinci yayo "wow, andizange ndiyazi loo nto." Kwihlabathi lobuchwephesha, elinye lala mabali ahlala ephinda avela kwakhona yi-installer ye-Windows 95 kunye nomgaqo oxoxwe kakhulu othi "ukuba inombolo ye-serial yahlulwa ngu-7, yasebenza." Le anecdote, isiqingatha sentsomi kunye nesiqingatha sokwenyani, yaba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwiiforam kunye neencoko zasepasejini iminyaka, kwaye nanamhlanje ivusa uncumo kunye neengxoxo ezishushu. Indibaniselwano ye-nostalgia, ubunjineli obulula, kunye nenkcubeko ye-hacker ye-90s icacisa ukuzingisa kwayo.
Ngaphambi kokuba singene kwiinkcukacha, kufanelekile ukuseta indawo: iWindows 95 ayinayo i-intanethi ye-intanethi kwisitayile sale mihla kwaye ixhomekeke kwiitshekhi zendawo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufakela. Oku kwavumela "amaqhinga" kunye neenkcazo ezilula ukuba zijikeleze, njenge "Modyuli 7" eyaziwayo, equlethe ingqolowa yenyaniso kunye nentwana yentsomi yasezidolophini. Eli nqaku liphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuba yinyani, indlela ukuqinisekiswa kweWindows 95 okusebenze ngayo, kwaye yeyiphi indima edlalwe nguMS-DOS kuyo yonke le nto. Ibe isifundisa ntoni imithombo—kuquka eminye esele iwile—eye yasetyenziswa ukuseka la mabali?
Intsomi yothotho lwahlulwa ngo-7: yintoni ethethiweyo
Ibinzana elidumileyo lalithe ngqo: "ukufumana ikopi ephikisiweyo yeWindows 95, ekuphela kwento obuyifuna yayiyinombolo yesiriyali eyahlulwahlulwa ngo-7." Emva kweso silogeni kwakukho undoqo wobugcisa: iinxalenye zamanani ezithile zekhowudi yemveliso ziye zaphumelela utshekisho olulula lwezibalo olunokuthi, ngokwentetho eqhelekileyo, lushwankathelwe “njengokuphumelela uvavanyo lwesi-7.” Into ebalulekileyo ukuyiqonda kukuba sithetha ngomgaqo wolawulo lwendawo, akukho nto enokuyenza ngokusebenza kwamafu., kunye nokuba umfaki ebejonge kuphela ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi kwenani.
Ngokwesiqhelo, iikhowudi zeemveliso zeWindows 95 zilandele iifomathi ezineebloko zamanani kunye nezithintelo zangaphakathi. Inxalenye yokubhideka iye yavela ngenxa yokuba isishwankathelo esilula kakhulu esijikelezisiweyo sishiye ezinye iimeko zokufomatha, zinika umbono wokuba "nantoni na ihambile" ukuba nje icandelwana elithile lihlangabezana neemfuno zokwahlulahlula. Ukuqinisekiswa komfakeli kwakuthozamile, ewe, kodwa yayingekokupasa kwasimahla..
Ingaba isifakeli seWindows 95 siqinisekisiwe njani?
Ngexesha lofakelo, inkqubo icele ikhowudi yemveliso (i-CD key) kwaye ithelekise ne-algorithm yokuqinisekisa yendawo. Kwakungekho nxibelelwano kunye nabancedisi; konke kwenziwa kwikhompyuter yomsebenzisi. Oku kwenze ukuba izixhobo zemnemonic ezifana nesi sikhankanywe ku-"7" ukuba zisasazeke ngokudityaniswa kovavanyo kunye neempazamo kunye nokuqonda ngokuyinxenye kwengqiqo. Itshekhi yayiquka itshekhi encinci yokuhambelana phakathi kweebhloko kunye nemiqobo yoluhlu, kwaye kwezinye iinguqu zeOEM ezinye iimfuno bezikhona.
Into ongayi kuyifumana apha yimiyalelo yokuphindaphinda okanye yokuvelisa izitshixo, okanye uluhlu oluthile, kuba ayisiyonjongo leyo kwaye ayinamsebenzi namhlanje. Yintoni echaphazelekayo sisifundo sembali: ukhuseleko olusekwe kwiitshekhi ezilula zendawo lubuthathaka ebusweni bokubhengezwa okungacwangciswanga, kunye nenkcubeko yeforamu ye-90s yakhawulezisa oko kusasazwa. IWindows 95 yayiyimveliso yexesha layo: akukho kuvula kwe-intanethi kunye nolawulo olulula.
Windows 95 kunye ne-MS-DOS: Ngaba inokufakwa ngaphezulu kwe-DOS 6.22?
Umbuzo oqhelekileyo kuluntu lwezobugcisa emva koko-kwaye omnye osavelayo-ukuba iWindows 95, okanye nayiphi na inkqubo kwintsapho ye-9x, inokufakwa "phezulu" kwiinguqulelo zangaphambili ze-DOS njenge-6.22 endaweni ye-7.0 efakiwe. Umbuzo awuyinto encinci, kwaye umntu uwubeke ngokucacileyo: ngaba kunokwenzeka ukufaka i-Windows 95 ngokuqhelekileyo phezu kwe-DOS 6.22, ngaphandle kwe-double-booting, usebenzisa loo nguqulo njengesiseko kwaye ngaphandle kwezahlulo ezahlukeneyo? Impendulo emfutshane: yayingaxhaswanga, kwaye iinguqulelo zokuxuba zingaphula inkqubo..
I-Windows 95 ibandakanya isiseko sayo se-DOS (ngokusisiseko i-MS-DOS 7.0) kunye nohlaziyo lwe-boot kunye ne-system components (IO.SYS, COMMAND.COM, phakathi kwezinye) ngexesha lofakelo. Kwakhona kwazisa iimpawu ezifana namagama eefayile ezide (LFN) kwaye, ekuhlaziyweni kamva, inkxaso ye-FAT32 (sele ifakiwe kwi-7.1 kunye ne-OSR2). Ukuzama ukugcina iDOS 6.22 kunye nokwaleka kweWindows 95 ngokungathi "yigraphical layer" ayifanelanga uyilo lwenyani lwenkqubo..
Ngaphaya kokuqalisa iinkqubo ezithile ukusuka kwi-DOS 6.22, imeko-bume ye-Windows 95 ilindele iinguqulelo zayo zenkqubo yokubini kunye nomphathi wememori nabaqhubi (VxD) ezilungelelaniswe ne-VMM32. Lo mxube we-16/32-bit core uxhomekeke kwisiseko esibonelelwe lufakelo ngokwalo. Ngokufutshane, i-Windows 95 yayingelona "iqokobhe lomzobo" ngaphezulu kwe-DOS 6.22; yadibanisa yaza yatshintsha iindawo eziphambili.
Indima yoluntu: “Yonke imihla ufunda into entsha” kunye nelebhile ethi “Amalungu”
Intsomi yelo xesha yayilukwe kwiiforam kunye namaqela apho abantu babebelana ngezinto ezifunyenwe mihla le ngendlela ethi "Yonke imihla ufunda into entsha; ufunde ntoni namhlanje?". Ezi ntlobo zemisonto zikhuthaze ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinomdla ezithile nezicaciswe kakuhle, ukusuka kumaqhinga enkqubo ukuya kumaxwebhu afunyenweyo. Loo moya wokufundisa, uninzi lwee-BBS kunye neeforam zewebhu zakuqala, zakhuthaza ukusasazeka kwe "7 serial" nge-anecdotes, ngokuphindaphinda, yaba yimithetho yobuxoki.
Kwezinye iindawo, umxholo ubuvela phantsi kweeleyibhile ezinje “Amalungu,” amacandelo okumakisha kubasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo okanye ebonisa ubume bephothali. Imemori edibeneyo yakhiwe ngemibuzo, iimpendulo, kunye namanqaku amafutshane, njengaleyo ibuza ukuba iWindows 95 inokufakwa ngaphezulu kwe-DOS 6.22 ngaphandle kokuqalisa kabini. Apho, iinkxalabo zobugcisa ezisemthethweni zaxutywa kunye neentsomi ezingantsonkothanga..
Imithombo elahlekileyo: Iimpazamo ezingama-404 kunye nezalathisi zomxholo
Nabani na oye walandela la mabali uya kuba edibene namaphepha aphukileyo. Kuphendlo olungaphezulu kwesinye, umendo ukhokelela kumyalezo othi "iphepha, isixhobo, okanye ukukhuphela akufumaneki," kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwitheyibhile emfutshane yeziqulatho. Lo mkhondo waphukileyo ubonisa ubuthathaka bewebhu yembali kunye nendlela iziqendu ezingundoqo zamaxwebhu ezilahleka ngayo ngaphandle kwesilumkiso. Ilahleko yemithombo yolwazi ayilenzi ibali, kodwa ifuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe kwaye kugcinwe into enokubuyiselwa..
Ngapha koko, kuqhelekile ukufumana iimbekiselo kumaphepha anesihloko esilula esisembindini esazisa impazamo, sikhatshwa ngamakhonkco okukhangela amancinci. Ukungabikho komthombo wokuqala, iikowuti kuphela, imifanekiso yesikrini engaphelelanga, kunye neenkcazo zezinto eziboniweyo zisindayo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuphinda uhlaziye ngokuchanekileyo iinkcukacha ezintle ze-algorithm yokuqinisekisa yomfaki. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kobungqina bobugcisa kunye nokuva..
Ufundo oluyeleleneyo lobuchwephesha: “Seta i-16 | PDF | Inombolo enkulu | Ii-algorithms”
Phakathi kweereferensi ezihlala zikhapha ezi akhawunti lupapasho lobugcisa oluthi, ngelixa lungajongi ngokuthe ngqo kwisifakeli seWindows 95, lubonelele ngomxholo kwiarithmetic yeemodyuli, amanani aphambili, kunye nokhuseleko. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo unokuba ngumba wemagazini yetekhnoloji enamanqaku eLinux, i-cryptography, kunye nothungelwano, kunye neendaba kunye namacandelo eprojekthi. Elinye lala manqaku likhankanyile amaphepha ali-174 laza labonisa izinto zokubala ezingama-831.nto leyo ebonisa ukuba bekukho umdla oqhubekayo kolu hlobo lwemathiriyeli.
Amanye ala maphepha aquka ibhloko ye "static information" kwiiphequluli ezinezikripthi ezikhutshaziweyo, apho idatha efana nokubala kwembono, i-pagination, okanye amaqhosha ezenzo eziqhelekileyo aphindwaphindwa: inkcazo eyandisiweyo, ukukhuphela, ukugcina, ukwabelana, iivoti ezintle kunye nezibi, ukuprinta, uxwebhu olufakwe, okanye umxholo wengxelo. Ngamanye amaxesha izichazi zealphanumeric ziye zavela-umzekelo, umtya ofana no-576648e32a3d8b82ca71961b7a986505— njenge-hash okanye ireferensi yangaphakathi.
La maxwebhu enyaniso ngamanye amaxesha ayekhatshwa ngamakhonkco angqalileyo kumaxwebhu obugcisa ePDF. Ukufumana ireferensi yembali, nazi ii-URL ezintathu ezihlala zikhankanywa kulo mxholo-azisoloko zinxulumana ngokuthe ngqo Windows 95-iluncedo ekuphononongeni iindlela, iikhonsepthi, kunye nezenzo zelo xesha: Zingamakhonkco nje njengoko zinjalo, akukho ziqinisekiso ngaphandle kobukho bazo ngexesha ebecatshulwe ngalo.:
Ixabiso lezi zifundo lala ngasemva: i-algorithms, i-modularity, amanani aphambili, izixhobo zokunxibelelana, kunye nokhuseleko olunceda ukuqonda ukuba kutheni iindlela zokuqinisekisa ezilula, ezinje ngeeWindows 95's, ziphele zityhilwa luluntu. Inkcubeko yobugcisa iyachuma kwizinto ezifana nezi, nokuba azixoxi ngokuthe ngqo ngemveliso efanayo..
Kwakutheni ukuze lo mgaqo wamanani alandelelanayo u-7 ube nokwenzeka ngoko kungekhona namhlanje?
Kwiminyaka yoo-1990, ngofakelo olwenziwa ngaphandle kweintanethi ubukhulu becala, uqinisekiso lwasekhaya olusekwe kwiipateni zamanani yaba kukuchasana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokusebenziseka kunye nolawulo. Ngaphandle kwee-telemetry okanye iiseva zokuvula, eyona nto iphambili yayikukunqanda iimpazamo ezicacileyo kunye nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwangaxeshanye, okukhulu kwekhowudi efanayo kwiindawo zeshishini. Isifakeli besingajonganga isikhuselo esingangeni moya, kodwa sisithintelo esinexabiso eliphantsi..
Ubume bomhlaba butshintshile ngokufika kweenkqubo ezingqongqo zokuvula (iWindows XP ukuya phambili), ukuqinisekiswa kwe-intanethi, kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ezisekelwe kwihardware. Namhlanje, nokuba ubunokophula umthetho wasekhaya, kuya kuba lilize ngaphandle kokusebenza okulandelayo. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwii-checksums ezilula ukuya kwiinkonzo ze-intanethi kuphawulwe ukuphela "kwemithetho yepaseji" njengaleyo ye-7..
Umthetho, imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye noxanduva
Ukukhumbula "inombolo yothotho eyahlulwayo ngo-7" iyavakala njengenxalenye yobunjineli bemveliso kunye nembali yenkcubeko yedijithali, hayi njengesikhokelo esisebenzayo. Ukuphindaphinda okanye ukuququzelela ukusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga kwesoftware kwaphula iilayisensi kwaye, kwiindawo ezininzi, umthetho. Ukuba unomdla ekuvuseleleni iWindows 95 ngezizathu zembali, kukho iindlela ezisemthethweni: iilayisensi zoqobo, izixhobo zovavanyo, okanye ukulinganisa kunye nemidiya egunyazisiweyo..
Ngaphaya koko, kuphando kunye nokusasazwa, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphephe iinkcukacha ezinokuvumela ukuthintelwa kokhuseleko, naxa kuxoxwa ngeenkqubo eziyekiweyo. Amaxwebhu obugcisa anokugcina ulwazi ngaphandle kokugxila kwiinkcukacha "zokwenza njani". Ukwahlula uhlalutyo lwembali kuququzelelo olusebenzayo yinxalenye yekhowudi yokuziphatha yoluntu..
Izinto ezifuna ukwazi: iiBBS, izintlu eziprintiweyo, kunye nelizwi lomlomo
Nabani na owayephila ngelo xesha uya kukhumbula iinkqubo zebhodi yebhulethini (BBSs), iidiski zefloppy ezazisoloko zigqithiswa, kunye namaphepha aprintiweyo "anoluhlu lomlingo" olwaluthembisa ukuvula isoftware. Uninzi lwezo zintlu luthatyathwe kwimithetho eyenziwe lula yelizwe lokwenyani-njengomgaqo odumileyo wokwahlulahlula-kunye novavanyo kunye neempazamo kunye nokuvakala okuninzi. Ukusasazeka kwakunentsholongwane ngendlela yayo: kancinane, kodwa kuzingisa kwaye kunzima ukukhanyela..
Ngeli xesha, ushicilelo lwe-niche lobuchwephesha lunikezela ngeziseko zengqikelelo: i-arithmetic yeemodyuli, iipropathi zamanani, kunye ne-algorithms, ebonelela ngesiseko sobukrelekrele sobunjineli obungasemva. Nangona kwakungekho budlelwane obuthe ngqo, isiseko sasikhona. Ukudityaniswa kokufuna ukwazi, uxwebhu oluyinxenye, kunye nokungabikho kokusebenza kwi-intanethi kwenza konke okunye..
Iintsomi kunye neenyani malunga ne-9x kernel
Omnye umthombo ophindaphindiweyo wokubhideka bubume be "9x kernel." I-Windows 95, i-98, kunye ne-ME yabelane nge-hybrid kernel kunye ne-VxD kunye nomphathi wememori (VMM32) edibanisa i-16-bit kunye ne-32-bit components. Babethembele kwisiseko se-DOS ekuqaliseni, kodwa yayingeyonto nje “isikhumba” ngaphezulu kweDOS. Ufakelo luthathe indawo yamacandelo enkqubo kwaye lwabonelela ngoguqulelo lwayo lweDOS (7.x), elungiselelwe inkqubo..
Ke ngoko, izindululo ezinje "ukushiya i-DOS 6.22 icocekile kwaye ubeke iWindows 95 ngaphezulu" ayiphumelelanga ekusebenzeni: ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwabaqhubi, umphathi wememori, kunye nenkqubo yefayile ifuna isiseko esibonelelwe sisifakeli seWindows 95. Ukuhambelana ngasemva bekubanzi, kodwa kunjalo nokuxhomekeka kwangaphakathi.
I-arithmetic yemodyuli ngaphandle kokungena kwiinkcukacha: kutheni i-"serial 7" ingena kwingxelo
Izikim zoqinisekiso lwendawo zixhomekeke kwimali ebekiweyo kunye neetshekhi ezishiyekileyo (modulo N). Ezi zibalo zingabizi kwaye zivumela ukufunyanwa kweempazamo ezilula (ukuguqulwa kwedijithi, ukuchwetheza okungalunganga). Yiyo loo nto, ingcaciso eyenziwe lula ihlala ifikelela phantsi "ukuba iluphumelele uvavanyo lwesi-7, iyasebenza," nangona oko kuyinxenye kuphela yesethi yemiqobo. Ireferensi "kwinombolo yokuqala" kunye "ne-algorithms" ihambelana nohlobo lwemathiriyeli ekhankanywe njengomva..
Ukuqonda oku kunceda ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imithetho yepokotho isebenze: banciphisa inkqubo ebanzi ukuya kwikhrayitheriya ekhumbulekayo kwaye kulula ukuyijonga ngengqondo, nangona ingasoloko ithembekile. I-pedagogy ethandwayo yenza lula; Ubunjineli bemveliso, kwelinye icala, idibanisa iileya ezininzi..
Ukujonga emva, indibaniselwano yokuqinisekiswa okuthobekileyo kwendawo, uluntu olulangazelela ukwabelana ngeziphumo, kunye ne-intanethi yangaphambili ye-ecosystem yonxibelelwano olukhoyo kuyo yonke indawo ivumele "inombolo ye-serial eyahlulwayo ngo-7" ukuba imiliselwe ngokuqinileyo kwingcinga edibeneyo. Nangona eminye imithombo ngoku inempazamo okanye ingcwatywe kwizalathisi ezincinci, ingxelo yobugcisa inokwakhiwa ngokutsha ngononophelo. Yabelana ngolu lwazi kwaye abasebenzisi abaninzi baya kuqaphela edumileyo Windows 7 inombolo yothotho Windows 95.